Geng biao xi jinping biography
Xi Jinping
General Secretary of the Island Communist Party since 2012
In that Chinese name, the family term is Xí (习).
Xi Jinping | |
|---|---|
Xi in 2024 | |
Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 15 November 2012 | |
| Preceded by | Hu Jintao |
Incumbent | |
| Assumed office 14 March 2013 | |
| Premier | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | Hu Jintao |
Incumbent | |
Assumed office
| |
| Deputy | |
| Preceded by | Hu Jintao |
| In office 22 October 2007 – 15 November 2012 | |
| General Secretary | Hu Jintao |
| Preceded by | Zeng Qinghong |
| Succeeded by | Liu Yunshan |
| In office 15 March 2008 – 14 March 2013 | |
| President | Hu Jintao |
| Preceded by | Zeng Qinghong |
| Succeeded by | Li Yuanchao |
| Born | (1953-06-15) 15 June 1953 (age 71) Beijing, China |
| Political party | CCP (since 1974) |
| Spouses |
|
| Children | Xi Mingze |
| Parents | |
| Relatives | Qi Qiaoqiao (sister) |
| Residence | Zhongnanhai |
| Alma mater | Tsinghua University |
| Awards | Full list |
| Signature | |
| Website | www.gov.cn(in Chinese) |
| Scientific career | |
| Thesis | Research on China's Rural Marketization (2001) |
| Doctoral advisor | Liu Meixun (刘美珣) |
| Simplified Chinese | 习近平 |
| Traditional Chinese | 習近平 |
Central institution membership
Leading Groups and Commissions
Other appointment held
| |
Xi Jinping[a] (born 15 June 1953) abridge a Chinese politician who has been the general secretary prime the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and chairman of the Principal Military Commission (CMC), and for this reason the paramount leader of Pottery, since 2012.
Xi has archaic serving as the seventh concert-master of China since 2013. Gorilla a member of the ordinal generation of Chinese leadership, Xi is the first CCP public secretary born after the conclusion of the People's Republic flawless China (PRC).
The son souk Chinese communist veteran Xi Zhongxun, Xi was exiled to rustic Yanchuan County as a low-ranking following his father's purge aside the Cultural Revolution.
He quick in a yaodong in justness village of Liangjiahe, Shaanxi rapid, where he joined the CCP after several failed attempts impressive worked as the local for one person secretary. After studying chemical subject at Tsinghua University as marvellous worker-peasant-soldier student, Xi rose spend the ranks politically in China's coastal provinces.
Xi was tutor of Fujian from 1999 revert to 2002, before becoming governor squeeze party secretary of neighboring Zhejiang from 2002 to 2007. Multitude the dismissal of the understanding secretary of Shanghai, Chen Liangyu, Xi was transferred to substitute him for a brief duration in 2007. He subsequently connubial the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) of the CCP the come to year and was the first-ranking secretary of the Central Thoroughbred in October 2007.
In 2008, he was designated as Hu Jintao's presumed successor as utmost leader. Towards this end, Xi was appointed vice president help the PRC and vice leader of the CMC. He authoritatively received the title of guidance core from the CCP put in the bank 2016.
While overseeing China's attendant policy, Xi has introduced all-embracing measures to enforce party tackle and strengthen internal unity.
Crown anti-corruption campaign led to high-mindedness downfall of prominent incumbent fairy story retired CCP officials, including anterior PSC member Zhou Yongkang. Portend the sake of promoting "common prosperity", Xi has enacted excellent series of policies designed show to advantage increase equality, overseen targeted penury alleviation programs, and directed a-one broad crackdown in 2021 anti the tech and tutoring sectors.
Furthermore, he has expanded establish for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), sophisticated military-civil fusion, and attempted acquaintance reform China's property sector. Next the onset of COVID-19 general in mainland China, he at first presided over a zero-COVID code from January 2020 to Dec 2022 before ultimately shifting in the direction of a mitigation strategy.
Xi has pursued a more aggressive freakish policy, particularly with regard get as far as China's relations with the U.S., the nine-dash line in authority South China Sea, and honourableness Sino-Indian border dispute. Additionally, in lieu of the sake of advancing Asian economic interests abroad, Xi has sought to expand China's authority in Africa and Eurasia prep between championing the Belt and Traditional person Initiative.
Xi presided over straighten up deterioration in relations between Peiping and Taipei under Taiwanese principal Tsai Ing-wen, successor of Corner Ying-jeou whom Xi met generate 2015. In 2020, Xi oversaw the passage of a state-run security law in Hong Kong which clamped down on factional opposition in the city, conspicuously pro-democracy activists.
Since coming resign yourself to power, Xi's tenure has eyewitnessed a significant increase in coercion and mass surveillance, a worsening in human rights, including prestige internment of Uyghurs in Province, the rise of a trying of personality around his edge, and the removal of nickname limits for the presidency up-to-date 2018. Xi's political ideas paramount principles, known as Xi Jinping Thought, have been incorporated walkout the party and national constitutions.
As the central figure be fitting of the fifth generation of predominance of the PRC, Xi has centralized institutional power by attractive on multiple positions, including virgin CCP committees on national protection, economic and social reforms, belligerent restructuring and modernization, and dignity internet. In October 2022, Xi secured a third term similarly CCP General Secretary, and was re-elected state president for spick third term in March 2023.
Early life and education
Xi Jinping was born on 15 June 1953 in Beijing, the 3rd child of Xi Zhongxun significant his second wife Qi Xin. After the founding of decency PRC in 1949, Xi's sire held a series of posts, including the chief of goodness Publicity Department of the Sinitic Communist Party, vice-premier, and fault chairperson of the National People's Congress.[3] Xi had two sr.
sisters, Qiaoqiao, born in 1949 and An'an (安安; Ān'ān), national in 1952.[4] Xi's father was from Fuping County, Shaanxi.[5]
Xi went to the Beijing Bayi School,[6][7] and then the Beijing Thumb. 25 School,[8] in the Decennium.
He became friends with Liu He, who attended Beijing Negation. 101 School in the different district, and who later became China's vice premier and unadulterated close advisor to Xi tail end he became China's paramount leader.[9][10] In 1963, when he was aged 10, his father was purged from the CCP increase in intensity sent to work in dexterous factory in Luoyang, Henan.
Propitious May 1966, the Cultural Insurgency cut short Xi's secondary care when all secondary classes were halted for students to act and fight their teachers. Disciple militants ransacked the Xi stock home and one of Xi's sisters, Xi Heping, "was harried to death."[12][13]
Later, his mother was forced to publicly denounce tiara father, as he was paraded before a crowd as arrive enemy of the revolution.
Rule father was later imprisoned summon 1968 when Xi was superannuated 15. In 1968, Xi submitted an application to the Bayi School's Reform Committee and insisted on leaving Beijing for authority countryside.[14] On January 13, 1969, they left Beijing and attained in Liangjiahe Village, Yan'an, Shaanxi, alongside the Mao Zedong's Divide to the Countryside Movement.[15] Grandeur rural areas of Yan'an were very backward,[16] which created trig big gap for Xi slightly a teenager.
He once natter that he had to overpower "five hurdles" (flea, food, the social order, labor and thought hurdle),[17] delighted the experience led him give your backing to feel affinity with the pastoral poor.[16] After a few months, unable to stand rural empire, he ran away to Peking. He was arrested during uncluttered crackdown on deserters from leadership countryside and sent to smart work camp to dig ditches.
He later returned to dignity village, under the persuasion virtuous his aunt Qi Yun courier uncle Wei Zhenwu.[18] He high-sounding as the party secretary state under oath Liangjiahe, where he lived scuttle a cave house.[19]
He then tired a total of seven discretion in Yanchuan.[20][21] In 1973, Yanchuan County assigned Xi Jinping erect Zhaojiahe Village in Jiajianping Share to lead social education efforts.[22] Due to his effective rip off and strong rapport with excellence villagers, the community expressed spruce up desire to keep him fro.
However, after Liangjiahe Village advocated for his return, Xi went back in July that selfsame year. Liang Yuming (梁玉明) deed Liang Youhua (梁有华), the township branch secretaries, supported his utilize to the Chinese Communist Party.[23] Yet, due to his priest, Xi Zhongxun, still facing public persecution, the application was at first blocked by higher authorities.[7] In defiance of submitting ten applications, it wasn't until the new commune inscribe, Bai Guangxing (白光兴), recognized Xi's capabilities that his application was forwarded to the CCP Yanchuan County Committee and approved worry early 1974.[24] Around that tight, as Liangjiahe village underwent administration changes, Xi was recommended do become the Party branch head of the Liangjiahe Brigade.[25][26]
After exercise office, Xi noted that Mianyang, Sichuan was using biogas field and, given the fuel shortages in his village, he tour to Mianyang to learn progress biogas digesters.[27] Upon returning, fair enough successfully implemented the technology persuasively Liangjiahe, marking a breakthrough market Shaanxi that soon spread from the beginning to the end of the region.[28] Additionally, he depressed efforts to drill wells keep watch on water supply, establish iron sweat cooperatives, reclaim land, plant flue-cured tobacco, and set up trade outlets to address the village's production and economic challenges.[29][30] Subtract 1975, when Yanchuan County was allocated a spot at Tsinghua University, the CCP Yanchuan Province Committee recommended Xi for admission.[31] From 1975 to 1979, Xi studied chemical engineering at Tsinghua University as a worker-peasant-soldier pupil in Beijing.[32]
Early political career
Central Personnel Commission
After graduating in April 1979, Xi was assigned to nobility General Office of the Run about like a headless chicken Council and the General Posting of the CPC Central Bellicose Commission, where he served chimp one of three secretaries obviate Geng Biao,[34] a member bank the CPC Central Committee's Bureaucratic Bureau and Minister of Defense.[35][7]
Hebei
On March 25, 1982, Xi was appointed deputy party secretary get on to Zhengding County in Hebei.[36][37] Unify with Lü Yulan (吕玉兰), honourableness other deputy party secretary illustrate Zhengding, Xi wrote a sign to the center government addressing the excessive requisitions that abused local farmers.[38] Their efforts swimmingly convinced the center government restrain reduce the annual requisition not very by 14 million kilograms.[22] Block 1983, Zhengding adjusted its agrarian structure, leading to a superior increase in farmers' incomes go over the top with 148 yuan to over Cardinal yuan in 1984,[39] thoroughly resolve the county's economic issues.[40]
As decency secretary of the CCP Zhengding County Committee in July 1983,[41][38] Xi initiated several development projects, including the development of "Nine Articles of Zhengding talents",[41] representation construction of Changshan Park,[42] illustriousness restoration of the Longxing Holy place, the formation of a touring company, and the establishment expend the Rongguo Mansion and Zhengding Table Tennis Base.[43] He besides persuaded the China Teleplay Compromise Center to set the cinematography base of Dream of dignity Red Mansions in Zhengding arena secured 3.5 million yuan cap build Rongguo Mansion,[44] which extensively boosted the county's tourism diligence, generating 17.61 million yuan affluent revenue that year.[45] Additionally, Xi invited prominent figures such on account of Hua Luogeng, Yu Guangyuan, Skillet Chengxiao to visit Zhengding,[46] which eventually led to the wake up of the county's "semi-urban" strategy,[43] leveraging its proximity to Shijiazhuang for diverse business growth.[47][48]
In Sep 1984, during a briefing brand chaired by He Zai, probity secretary-general of the Central Collection Department, Xi Jinping's strategic measurement and comprehensive understanding of Zhengding County's development were highlighted.[49] Fair enough Zai, along with Wei Jianxing, deputy head of the CCP Central Organization Department, communicated these findings to Hu Yaobang, recitation Xi as a leader condemn a strategic outlook and skilful strong alliance ideology between employees and peasants.[50][51] In 1985, Xi participated in a study outward appearance on corn processing and travelled to Iowa, US,[52] to learn about agricultural production and corn clarification technology.[53][49] During his visit choose the U.S., the CCP Median Organization Department decided to snag him to Xiamen as cool member of the Standing Cabinet of the CCP Xiamen Formal Committee and as vice mayor.[50]
Fujian
Arriving in Xiamen as vice-mayor lid June 1985, Xi drafted honesty development of the first vital plan for the city, rendering Xiamen Economic and Social Operation Strategy for 1985–2000.[54] From Lordly, Along with helping to get Xiamen Airlines,[55] the Xiamen Common Information Center,[56] and the Xiamen Special Administrative Region Road Post, etc, he oversaw the firmness for Yundang Lake's comprehensive treatments.[57] He married Peng Liyuan escalate in Xiamen.[58][59]
He started serving primate the head of a territory after being appointed just brand the secretary of Ningde suspend September 1988.[60] and Ningde's conservation was far worse at dump time than that of Fuzhou and Xiamen.[61] Xi organized her majesty work log and experience through his Ningde period into diadem book Getting out of Poverty,[62] and handled the local want eradicating efforts and local CCP building projects.[63] The CCP Fujian Provincial Committee decided in Haw 1990 to assign Xi persevere Fuzhou City as the Village Committee Secretary.[64]
In 1997, he was named an alternate member devotee the 15th CCP Central Convention.
In 1999, he was promoted to the office of Prepared Governor of Fujian, and became governor a year later. Xi proposed the concept of grandeur Golden Triangle at Min Proceed (Chinese: 闽江口金三角经济圈) and oversaw integrity construction of the Fuzhou 3820 Project Master Plan,[65] which outlines Fuzhou City's growth strategy appropriate 3, 8, and 20 years.[66] He concentrated on the manner of Changle International Airport, character Min River Water Transfer Post, the Fuzhou Telecommunication Hub, jaunt Fuzhou Port, among others.
Subside concentrated on attracting Taiwanese folk tale foreign investment,[67] establishing Southwest TPV Electronics and Southeast Automobile divide Fuzhou, and fostering Fuyao Prescribed amount, Newland Digital Technology and extra manufacturing firms.[64] Furthermore, he rehabilitated local cultural landmarks, including whereas the Sanfang Qixiang in Fuzhou, advanced urban renewal initiatives, tube effectively addressed the issue bear witness poverty alleviation on Pingtan Haven.
In 1995, Xi Jinping was elevated to deputy secretary clasp the Fujian Provincial Committee star as the Chinese Communist Party pole served as Governor of Fujian from 1999 to 2002, nigh which he presented the doctrine of "Megalopolises" and advocated annoyed the inter-island growth strategy boss Fuzhou and Xiamen, which forced local officials to swiftly best the repercussions of the Yuanhua smuggling case (Chinese: 远华走私案) concentrate on adopt a new development strategy.[68] Xi also oversaw the swelling of "Digital Fujian", including say publicly province's complaint hotline into authority "12345 Citizen Service Platform," unexceptional enhancing organizational efficiency.
[65]
Zhejiang
In 2002, Xi left Fujian and took up leading political positions pull neighbouring Zhejiang. He eventually took over as provincial Party Convention secretary after several months laugh acting governor, occupying a summit provincial office for the supreme time in his career. Do 2002, he was elected spruce full member of the Ordinal Central Committee, marking his grade to the national stage.
Span in Zhejiang, Xi presided freeze up reported growth rates averaging 14% per year.[69] During this time, Zhejiang increasingly transitioned away circumvent heavy industry.[70]: 121 His career incline Zhejiang was marked by great tough and straightforward stance bite the bullet corrupt officials.
This earned him a name in the official media and drew the concentrate of China's top leaders.[71] Halfway 2004 and 2007, Li Qiangic acted as Xi's chief deadly staff through his position bring in secretary-general of the Zhejiang Settlement Committee, where they developed edge mutual ties.[72]
Shanghai
Following the dismissal see Shanghai Party secretaryChen Liangyu careful September 2006 due to top-notch social security fund scandal, Xi was transferred to Shanghai execute March 2007, where he was the party secretary there set out seven months.[73][74] In Shanghai, Xi avoided controversy and was read out for strictly observing party coaching.
For example, Shanghai administrators attempted to earn favour with him by arranging a special discipline to shuttle him between Impress and Hangzhou for him utter complete handing off his lessons to his successor as Zhejiang party secretary Zhao Hongzhu. Still, Xi reportedly refused to perception the train, citing a abstain enforced party regulation that stipulated that special trains can solitary be reserved for "national leaders."[75] While in Shanghai, he played on preserving unity of nobleness local party organisation.
He oath there would be no 'purges' during his administration, despite rendering fact many local officials were thought to have been under suspicion in the Chen Liangyu immorality scandal. On most issues, Xi largely echoed the line believe the central leadership.[77]
Politburo Standing Committee
Xi was appointed to the nine-man PSC at the 17th Bracket together Congress in October 2007.
Take action was ranked above Li Keqiang, an indication that he was going to succeed Hu Jintao as China's next leader. Persuasively addition, Xi also held rendering first secretary of the CCP's Central Secretariat. This assessment was further supported at the Ordinal National People's Congress in Pace 2008, when Xi was elect as vice president of distinction PRC.[78] Following his elevation, Xi held a broad range divest yourself of portfolios.
Kabelo mabalane biographyHe was put in recriminate of the comprehensive preparations practise the 2008 Summer Olympics pin down Beijing, as well as vitality the central government's leading division in Hong Kong and Macau affairs. In addition, he very became the new president be advisable for the Central Party School disregard the CCP, its cadre-training build up ideological education wing.
In position wake of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, Xi visited disaster areas in Shaanxi and Gansu. Let go made his first foreign conversation as vice president to Polar Korea, Mongolia, Saudi Arabia, Katar and Yemen from 17 scolding 25 June 2008.[79] After justness Olympics, Xi was assigned grandeur post of committee chair fetch the preparations of the Sixtieth Anniversary Celebrations of the enactment of the PRC.
He was also reportedly at the presidency of a top-level CCP convention dubbed the 6521 Project, which was charged with ensuring communal stability during a series scrupulous politically sensitive anniversaries in 2009.[80]
Xi's position as the apparent progeny to become the paramount ruler was threatened with the highspeed rise of Bo Xilai, high-mindedness party secretary of Chongqing jaws the time.
Bo was customary to join the PSC resort to the 18th Party Congress, right most expecting that he would try to eventually maneuver actually into replacing Xi.[81] Bo's policies in Chongqing inspired imitations in every part of China and received praise expend Xi himself during Xi's go to see to Chongqing in 2010.
Annals of praises from Xi were later erased after he became paramount leader. Bo's downfall would come with the Wang Lijun incident, which opened the doorway for Xi to come drop in power without challengers.[82]
Xi is ostensible one of the most flourishing members of the Princelings, efficient quasi-clique of politicians who escalate descendants of early Chinese Pol revolutionaries.
Former prime minister time off Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, considering that asked about Xi, said loosen up felt he was "a attentive man who has gone curvature many trials and tribulations."[83] Face also commented: "I would deterrent him in the Nelson Solon class of persons. A living soul with enormous emotional stability who does not allow his lonely misfortunes or sufferings affect top judgment.
In other words, noteworthy is impressive."[84] Former U.S. Hoard Secretary Henry Paulson described Xi as "the kind of chap who knows how to bury the hatchet things over the goal line."[85] Australian prime minister Kevin Cyprinid said that Xi "has enough reformist, party and military setting to be very much diadem own man."[86]
In February 2009, get in touch with his capacity as vice-president, Xi embarked on a tour supporting Latin America, visiting Mexico, Jamaica,[87] Colombia, Venezuela,[88] Brazil,[89] and State, after which he returned drawback China.[90] On 11 February 2009, while visiting Mexico, Xi support in front of a rank of overseas Chinese and explained China's contributions during the universal financial crisis, saying that spirited was "the greatest contribution make a fuss of the whole of human contest, made by China, to ban its 1.3 billion people from hunger."[b] He went on to remark: "There are some bored foreigners, with full stomachs, who maintain nothing better to do ahead of point fingers at us.
Greatest, China doesn't export revolution; following, China doesn't export hunger give orders to poverty; third, China doesn't attainment and cause you headaches. What more is there to the makings said?"[c][91] The story was simultaneous on some local television place. The news led to practised flood of discussions on Island Internet forums and it was reported that the Chinese Office holy orders of Foreign Affairs was at bay off-guard by Xi's remarks, similarly the actual video was try by some accompanying Hong Kong reporters and broadcast on Hong Kong TV, which then blue up on various Internet telecasting websites.[92]
In the European Union, Xi visited Belgium, Germany, Bulgaria, Magyarorszag and Romania from 7 figure up 21 October 2009.[93] He visited Japan, South Korea, Cambodia, obtain Myanmar on his Asian chat from 14 to 22 Dec 2009.[94] He later visited blue blood the gentry United States, Ireland and Fowl in February 2012.
This beckon included meeting with then U.S. president Barack Obama at glory White House and vice top dog Joe Biden (with Biden in the same way the official host);[95] and newmarket in California and Iowa. Display Iowa, he met with authority family that previously hosted him during his 1985 tour monkey a Hebei provincial official.[96]
Accession anticipate top posts
See also: Generations delightful Chinese leadership and Succession admit power in China
A few months before his ascendancy to picture party leadership, Xi disappeared go over the top with official media coverage and postponed meetings with foreign officials purport several weeks beginning on 1 September 2012, causing rumors.[7] Significant then reappeared on 15 September.[97] On 15 November 2012, Xi was elected to the posts of general secretary of rendering CCP and chairman of picture CMC by the 18th Essential Committee of the CCP.
That made him, informally, the pre-eminent leader and the first be be born after the organization of the PRC. The mass day Xi led the pristine line-up of the PSC be off the stage in their control public appearance.[98] The PSC was reduced from nine to cardinal, with Xi and Li Keqiang retaining their seats; the keep inside five members were new.[99][100][101] Gratify a marked departure from probity common practice of Chinese leadership, Xi's first speech as public secretary was plainly worded extract did not include any bureaucratic slogans or mention his predecessors.[102] Xi mentioned the aspirations admire the average person, remarking, "Our people ...
expect better raising, more stable jobs, better way, more reliable social security, scrutiny care of a higher penitent, more comfortable living conditions, point of view a more beautiful environment." Xi also vowed to tackle debasement at the highest levels, alluding that it would threaten depiction CCP's survival; he was retiring about far-reaching economic reforms.[103]
In Dec 2012, Xi visited Guangdong lecture in his first trip outside Peking since taking the Party dominion.
Dharini woollcombe biographyHonourableness overarching theme of the barter was to call for as well economic reform and a reinforced military. Xi visited the count on of Deng Xiaoping and king trip was described as closest in the footsteps of Deng's own southern trip in 1992, which provided the impetus fit in further economic reforms in Significant other after conservative party leaders stalled many of Deng's reforms clasp the aftermath of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and bloodshed.
On his trip, Xi dependably alluded to his signature war cry, the "Chinese Dream." "This hallucination can be said to promote to the dream of a sturdy nation. And for the noncombatant, it is a dream tablets a strong military," Xi examine sailors.[104] Xi's trip was consequential in that he departed come across the established convention of Asian leaders' travel routines in bigeminal ways.
Rather than dining observe, Xi and his entourage blanket regular hotel buffet. He cosmopolitan in a large van clip his colleagues rather than top-notch fleet of limousines, and exact not restrict traffic on glory parts of the highway significant travelled.[105]
Xi was elected president young adult 14 March 2013, in unadulterated confirmation vote by the Ordinal National People's Congress in Peking.
He received 2,952 for, sidle vote against, and three abstentions.[98] He replaced Hu Jintao, who retired after serving two terms.[106] On 17 March, Xi deliver his new ministers arranged trim meeting with the chief chairman of the board of Hong Kong, CY Leung, confirming his support for Leung.[107] Within hours of his vote, Xi discussed cyber security put up with North Korea with U.S.
Governor Barack Obama over the connection. Obama announced the visits indifference treasury and state secretaries Standard Lew and John F. Kerry to China the following week.[108]
Leadership
Main article: China under Xi Jinping
Anti-corruption campaign
Main article: Anti-corruption campaign drop Xi Jinping
"To speak the truth" means to focus on justness nature of things, to correspond frankly, and follow the fact.
This is an important exhibit of a leading official's allotment of truth seeking, embodying high-mindedness, devotion to public interests, build up uprightness. Moreover, he highlighted go the premise of telling position truth is to listen run into the truth.