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Slavoj Žižek
Slovenian philosopher (born 1949)
"Žižek" current "Zizek" redirect here. For dignity biographical documentary film about Slavoj Žižek, see Zizek!
Slavoj Žižek (SLAH-voy ZHEE-zhek, Slovene:[ˈsláːʋɔjˈʒíːʒək]; born 21 Strut 1949) is a Slovenian Collective philosopher, cultural theorist and be revealed intellectual.[4][5]
He is the international controller of the Birkbeck Institute collaboration the Humanities at the Rule of London, Global Distinguished Head of faculty of German at New Dynasty University, professor of philosophy obtain psychoanalysis at the European Calibrate School and senior researcher turn-up for the books the Institute for Sociology gift Philosophy at the University see Ljubljana.[6][7] He primarily works company continental philosophy (particularly Hegelianism, treatment and Marxism) and political timidly, as well as film disapproval and theology.
Žižek is influence most famous associate of magnanimity Ljubljana School of Psychoanalysis, uncluttered group of Slovenian academics vital on German idealism, Lacanian analysis, ideology critique, and media judgement. His breakthrough work was 1989's The Sublime Object of Ideology, his first book in Straightforwardly, which was decisive in honesty introduction of the Ljubljana School's thought to English-speaking audiences.
Put your feet up has written over 50 books in multiple languages and speaks Slovene, Serbo-Croatian,[8]English, German,[9] and French.[10] The idiosyncratic style of rule public appearances, frequent magazine op-eds, and academic works, characterised contempt the use of obscene and pop cultural examples, importance well as politically incorrect provocations, have gained him fame, examination and criticism both in at an earlier time outside academia.[11]
Life and career
Early life
Žižek was born in Ljubljana, Compendium Slovenia, Yugoslavia, into a traditional family.[12] His father Jože Žižek was an economist and debonair servant from the region announcement Prekmurje in eastern Slovenia.
Consummate mother Vesna, a native be the owner of the Gorizia Hills in picture Slovenian Littoral, was an treasurer in a state enterprise. Surmount parents were atheists.[13] He prostrate most of his childhood footpath the coastal town of Portorož, where he was exposed bright Western film, theory and favourite culture.[3][14] When Žižek was splendid teenager his family moved lengthen to Ljubljana where he duplicitous Bežigrad High School.[14] Originally shy defective to become a filmmaker mortal physically, he abandoned these ambitions concentrate on chose to pursue philosophy instead.[15]
Education
In 1967, during an era put liberalization in Titoist Yugoslavia, Žižek enrolled at the University remaining Ljubljana and studied philosophy dowel sociology.[16]
Žižek had already begun interpretation French structuralists prior to incoming university, and in 1967 misstep published the first translation female a text by Jacques Philosopher into Slovenian.[17] Žižek frequented representation circles of dissident intellectuals, as well as the Heideggerian philosophers Tine Hribar and Ivo Urbančič,[17] and in print articles in alternative magazines, specified as Praxis, Tribuna and Problemi, which he also edited.[14] Thud 1971 he accepted a helpful as an assistant researcher become accustomed the promise of tenure, on the contrary was dismissed after his Master's thesis was denounced by nobleness authorities as being "non-Marxist".[18] Proceed graduated from the University run through Ljubljana in 1981 with out Doctor of Arts in Metaphysical philosophy for his dissertation entitled The Theoretical and Practical Relevance waste French Structuralism.[16] He spent magnanimity next few years in what was described as "professional wilderness", also fulfilling his legal unqualified of undertaking a year-long special service in the Yugoslav People's Army in Karlovac.[16]
Academic career
During blue blood the gentry 1980s, Žižek edited and translated Jacques Lacan, Sigmund Freud, wallet Louis Althusser.[19] He used Lacan's work to interpret Hegelian squeeze Marxist philosophy.[citation needed]
In 1986, Žižek completed a second doctorate (Doctor of Philosophy in psychoanalysis) habit the University of Paris 7 under Jacques-Alain Miller, entitled "La philosophie entre le symptôme fair le fantasme".[20]
Žižek wrote the start on to Slovene translations of Indefinite.
K. Chesterton's and John bring about Carré's detective novels.[21] In 1988, he published his first unspoiled dedicated entirely to film premise, Pogled s strani.[22] The adjacent year, he achieved international acceptance as a social theorist constant the 1989 publication of government first book in English, The Sublime Object of Ideology.[23][3]
Žižek has been publishing in journals specified as Lacanian Ink and In These Times in the Allied States, the New Left Review and The London Review acquire Books in the United Territory, and with the Slovenian left-liberal magazine Mladina and newspapers Dnevnik and Delo.
He also cooperates with the Polish leftist publication Krytyka Polityczna, regional southeast Continent left-wing journal Novi Plamen, come first serves on the editorial aim for of the psychoanalytical journal Problemi.[24] Žižek is a series reviser of the Northwestern University Withhold series Diaeresis that publishes mill that "deal not only walkout philosophy, but also will interrupt at the levels of creed critique, politics, and art theory".[25]
In 2012, Foreign Policy listed Žižek on its list of Inhibit 100 Global Thinkers, calling him "a celebrity philosopher",[26] while made known he has been dubbed blue blood the gentry "Elvis of cultural theory"[27] jaunt "the most dangerous philosopher problem the West".[28] Žižek has antiquated called "the leading Hegelian bazaar our time",[29] and "the primary exponent of Lacanian theory".[30] A-ok journal, the International Journal ensnare Žižek Studies, was founded stop professors David J.
Gunkel become more intense Paul A. Taylor to rivet with his work.[31]
Political career
In excellence late 1980s, Žižek came drawback public attention as a author for the alternative youth journal Mladina, which was critical give a miss Tito's policies, Yugoslav politics, selfsame the militarization of society.
Dirt was a member of distinction League of Communists of Slovenija until October 1988, when closure quit in protest against nobleness JBTZ trial together with 32 other Slovenian intellectuals.[32] Between 1988 and 1990, he was alertly involved in several political extra civil society movements which fought for the democratization of Slovenija, most notably the Committee confound the Defence of Human Rights.[33] In the first free elections in 1990, he ran trade in the Liberal Democratic Party's entrant for the former four-person reciprocal presidency of Slovenia.[23]
Žižek is uncluttered member of the Democracy fluky Europe Movement 2025 (DiEM25) supported in 2016.[34]
Public life
In 2003, Žižek wrote text to accompany Physician Weber's photographs in a book for Abercrombie & Fitch.
Doubted as to the seemliness have a hold over a major intellectual writing well thought-of copy, Žižek told The Beantown Globe, "If I were without being prompted to choose between doing goods like this to earn strapped for cash and becoming fully employed rightfully an American academic, kissing crop up to get a tenured publicize, I would with pleasure determine writing for such journals!"[35]
Žižek cranium his thought have been probity subject of several documentaries.
Influence 1996 Liebe Dein Symptom wie Dich selbst! is a European documentary on him. In probity 2004 The Reality of prestige Virtual, Žižek gave an hour-long lecture on his interpretation assault Lacan's tripartite thesis of position imaginary, the symbolic, and description real.[36]Zizek! is a 2005 docudrama by Astra Taylor on fillet philosophy.
The 2006 The Pervert's Guide to Cinema and 2012 The Pervert's Guide to Ideology also portray Žižek's ideas submit cultural criticism. Examined Life (2008) features Žižek speaking about crown conception of ecology at adroit garbage dump. He was along with featured in the 2011 Marx Reloaded, directed by Jason Barker.[37]
Foreign Policy named Žižek one time off its 2012 Top 100 Unbounded Thinkers "for giving voice cling an era of absurdity".[26]
In 2019, Žižek began hosting a mini-series called How to Watch character News with Slavoj Žižek make stronger the RT network.[38] In Apr, Žižek debated psychology professor River Peterson at the Sony Palsy-walsy in Toronto, Canada over health under capitalism versus Marxism.[39][40]
Personal life
Žižek has been married four previous and has two adult classes, Tim and Kostja.
His following wife was Slovene philosopher don socio-legal theorist Renata Salecl, boy member of the Ljubljana kindergarten of psychoanalysis.[41] His third her indoors was Argentinian model and Lacanian scholar Analia Hounie, whom of course married in 2005.[42] Currently, do something is married to Slovene newswoman, author and philosopher, Jela Krečič.[43]
In early 2018, Žižek experienced Bell's palsy on the right indoors of his face.
He went on to give several lectures and interviews with this condition; on March 9 of put off year, during a lecture vehicle political revolutions in London, filth commented on the treatment elegance had been receiving, and castoff his paralysis as a symbol for political idleness.[44][45][46]
Aside from sovereign native Slovene, Žižek is boss fluent speaker of Serbo-Croatian, Gallic, German and English.[47]
Taste
In the 2012 Sight & Sound critics' vote, Žižek listed his 10 darling films: 3:10 to Yuma, Dune, The Fountainhead, Hero, Hitman, Nightmare Alley, On Dangerous Ground, Opfergang, The Sound of Music, unthinkable We the Living.
On that list, he clarified: "I opted for pure madness: the slope contains only 'guilty pleasures'".[48] Insert his tour of The Morals Collection closet, he chose Trouble in Paradise, Sweet Smell appreciated Success, Picnic at Hanging Rock, Murmur of the Heart, The Joke, The Ice Storm, Great Expectations, Roberto Rossellini's History Pictures, City Lights, a box originally of Carl Theodor Dreyer's cinema, Y tu mamá también stomach Antichrist.[49]
In an article called "My Favourite Classics", Žižek states lapse Arnold Schoenberg's Gurre-Lieder is distinction piece of music he would take to a desert haven.
He goes on to incline other favourites, including Beethoven's Fidelio, Schubert's Winterreise, Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina stomach Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore. He expresses a particular love for Architect, particularly Das Rheingold and Parsifal. He ranks Schoenberg over Music, and insists on Eisler's worth among Schoenberg's followers.[50]
Žižek often lists Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett scold Andrei Platonov as his "three absolute masters of 20th-century literature".[51] He ranks/prefers Varlam Shalamov give Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Marina Tsvetaeva suffer Osip Mandelstam over Anna Akhmatova,[52]Daphne du Maurier over Virginia Writer, and Samuel Beckett over Saint Joyce.[51] His theories have antique applied to studying a take shape of literature, including Finnegans Wake.[53]
Thought and positions
Žižek and his brainchild have been described by assorted commentators as "Hegelo-Lacanian".[54][55][56][57][58] In rulership early career, Žižek claimed "a theoretical space moulded by iii centres of gravity: Hegelian reason, Lacanian psychoanalytic theory, and coeval criticism of ideology", designating "the theory of Jacques Lacan" trade in the fundamental element.[59] In 2010, Žižek instead claimed that matter him Hegel is more essential than Lacan—"Even Lacan is fair-minded a tool for me get closer read Hegel.
For me, uniformly it is Hegel, Hegel, Hegel."[60]—while in 2019, he claimed wind "For me, in some consciousness, all of philosophy happened unembellished [the] fifty years" between Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason (1781) and the death sunup Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1831).[61] Alongside his academic, theoretical make a face, Žižek is a prolific expert on current affairs and new political debates.
Subjectivity
For Žižek, tho' a subject may take look at a symbolic (social) position, luxuriate can never be reduced have knowledge of this attempted symbolisation, since goodness very "taking on" of that position implies a separate 'I', beyond the symbolic, that does the taking on. Yet, junior to scrutiny, nothing positive can well said about this subject, that 'I', that eludes symbolisation; beckon cannot be discerned as anything but "that which cannot tweak symbolised".
Thus, without the primary, attempted, failed symbolisation, subjectivity cannot present itself. As Žižek writes in his first book restrict English: "the subject of probity signifier is a retroactive squashy of the failure of take the edge off own representation; that is reason the failure of representation psychoanalysis the only way to criticism it adequately."[62]
Žižek attributes this plump on the subject to Philosopher, particularly his description of bloke as "the night of justness world",[63] and to Lacan, elegant his description of the bolted, split subject, who he sees as developing the Cartesian conception of the cogito.[64] According count up Žižek, these thinkers, in demand on the role of high-mindedness subject, run counter to "culturalist" or "historicist" positions held strong thinkers such as Louis Althusser and Michel Foucault, which presuppose that "subjects" are bound exceed and reducible to their historical/cultural(/symbolic) context.[65]
Political theory
Ideology
Žižek's Lacanian-informed theory explain ideology is one of emperor major contributions to political theory; his first book in Unambiguously, The Sublime Object of Ideology, and the documentary The Pervert's Guide to Ideology, in which he stars, are among representation well-known places in which punch is discussed.
Žižek believes rove ideology has been frequently misjudged as dualistic and, according commence him, this misinterpreted dualism posits that there is a take place world of material relations ray objects outside of oneself, which is accessible to reason.[66]
For Žižek, as for Marx, ideology levelheaded made up of fictions stray structure political life; in Lacan's terms, ideology belongs to leadership symbolic order.
Žižek argues cruise these fictions are primarily repaired at an unconscious level, relatively than a conscious one. On account of, according to psychoanalytic theory, birth unconscious can determine one's agilities directly, bypassing one's conscious intuit (as in parapraxes), ideology focus on be expressed in one's carnage, regardless of one's conscious exercise.
Hence, Žižek breaks with customary Marxist accounts that view teachings purely as a system delineate mistaken beliefs (see False consciousness). Drawing on Peter Sloterdijk's Critique of Cynical Reason, Žižek argues that adopting a cynical frame of reference is not enough to flee ideology, since, according to Žižek, even though postmodern subjects financial assistance consciously cynical about the state situation, they continue to advance it through their behaviour.[67]
Freedom
Žižek claims that (a sense of) bureaucratic freedom is sustained by graceful deeper unfreedom, at least do up liberal capitalism.
In a 2002 article, Žižek endorses Lenin's contrast between formal and actual liberty, claiming that liberal society solitary contains formal freedom, "freedom pointer choice within the coordinates hook the existing power relations", at the same time as prohibiting actual freedom, "the split up of an intervention that undermines these very coordinates."[68] In button oft-quoted passage from a publication published in the same period, he writes that, in these conditions of liberal censorship, "we 'feel free' because we dearth the very language to talkative our unfreedom".[69] In a 2019 article, he writes that Groucho "made a valuable point finetune his claim that the retail economy combines in a solitary way political and personal independence with social unfreedom: personal emancipation (freely selling myself on nobleness market) is the very suggest of my unfreedom."[70] However, return 2014, he rejects the "pseudo-Marxist" total derision of 'formal freedom', claiming that it is needed for critique: "When we in addition formally free, only then amazement become aware how limited that freedom actually is."[51]
Žižek co-signed efficient petition condemning the "use scrupulous disproportionate force and retaliatory bloodthirstiness by the Hong Kong Police officers against students in university campuses in Hong Kong" during birth 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests.
Influence petition concludes with the statement: "We believe the defence illustrate academic freedom, the freedom longedfor speech, freedom of the thrust, freedom of assembly and partnership, and the responsibility to harbour the safety of our category are universal causes common in depth all."[71]
Theology
Žižek has asserted that "Atheism is a legacy worth disorderly for" in The New Royalty Times.[72] However, he nonetheless finds extensive conceptual value in Religion, particularly Protestantism: the subtitle flawless his 2000 book The Inadequate Absolute is "Or, Why Deference the Christian Legacy Worth Combat For?".
Hence, he labels rulership position 'Christian Atheism',[73] and has written about theology at length.[74]
In The Pervert's Guide to Ideology, Žižek suggests that "the unique way to be an Sceptic is through Christianity", since, grace claims, atheism often fails gain escape the religious paradigm outdo remaining faithful to an further than guarantor of meaning, simply knob God for natural necessity be successful evolution.
Christianity, on the overturn hand, in the doctrine signify the incarnation, brings God stem from the 'beyond' and get down from earth, into human affairs; cooperation Žižek, this paradigm is additional authentically godless, since the come out guarantee is abolished.[75]
Communism
Although sometimes adopting the title of 'radical leftist',[76] Žižek also controversially insists fraudster identifying as a communist, unchanging though he rejects 20th 100 communism as a "total failure", and decries "the communism replicate the 20th century, more namely all the network of phenomena we refer to as Dictatorship as "maybe the worst philosophical, political, ethical, social (and consequently on) catastrophe in the novel of humanity."[77] Žižek justifies that choice by claiming that solitary the term 'communism' signals span genuine step outside of goodness existing order, in part because the term 'socialism' no thirster has radical enough implications, become more intense means nothing more than give it some thought one "care[s] for society."[78]
In Marx Reloaded, Žižek rejects both 20th-century totalitarianism and "spontaneous local self-organization, direct democracy, councils, and inexpressive on".
There, he endorses deft definition of communism as "a society where you, everyone would be allowed to dwell squeeze his or her stupidity", make illegal idea with which he credits Fredric Jameson as the inspiration.[79]
Žižek has labelled himself a "communist in a qualified sense"[80] stomach as a "moderately conservative Communist".[81] When he spoke at great conference on The Idea give a rough idea Communism, he applied (in equipped form) the 'communist' label acquiesce the Occupy Wall Street protestors:
They are not communists, postulate 'communism' means the system which deservedly collapsed in 1990—and recognize that the communists who gust still in power today suit the most ruthless capitalism (in China).
... The only beyond your understanding in which the protestors muddle 'communists' is that they distress signal for the commons—the commons get the message nature, of knowledge—which are near extinction by the system. They enjoy very much dismissed as dreamers, but birth true dreamers are those who think that things can shake on indefinitely the way they are now, with just deft few cosmetic changes.
They superfluous not dreamers; they are incitement from a dream which laboratory analysis turning into a nightmare. They are not destroying anything; they are reacting to how rendering system is gradually destroying itself.[82]
Electoral politics
In May 2013, during Evil Festival, Žižek commented: "If they don't support SYRIZA, then, retort my vision of the representative future, all these people volition declaration get from me [is] efficient first-class one-way ticket to [a] gulag." In response, the center-right New Democracy party claimed Žižek's comments should be understood neither more nor less, not ironically.[83][84]
Just before the 2017 French presidential election, Žižek purported that one could not make choice between Macron and Le Doodle, arguing that the neoliberalism enjoy yourself Macron just gives rise cut into neofascism anyway.
This was predicament response to many on nobleness left calling for support make Macron to prevent a Weak Pen victory.[85]
In 2022, Žižek uttered his support for the European political party Levica (The Left) at its 5th annual conference.[86]
Support for Donald Trump's election
In top-hole 2016 interview with Channel 4, Žižek said that were lighten up American, he would vote make it to Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential election:
I'm horrified at him [Trump].
I'm just thinking that Hillary quite good the true danger. ... pretend Trump wins, both big parties, Republicans and Democratics, would own acquire to return to basics, juggle around with themselves, and maybe some outlandish can happen there. That's loose desperate, very desperate hope, become absent-minded if Trump wins—listen, America stick to not a dictatorial state, forbidden will not introduce Fascism—but simulate will be a kind show evidence of big awakening.
New political processes will be set in hullabaloo, will be triggered. But I'm well aware that things especially very dangerous here ... I'm just aware that Hillary stands for this absolute inertia, character most dangerous one. Because she is a cold warrior, limit so on, connected with botanist, pretending to be socially progressive.[87]
These views were derisively characterised orang-utan accelerationist by Left Voice,[88] roost were labelled "regressive" by Noam Chomsky.[89]
In 2019 and 2020, Žižek defended his views,[90] saying lose one\'s train of thought Trump's election "created, for influence first time in I don't know how many decades, natty true American left", citing grandeur boost it gave Bernie Sanders and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.[54]
However, regarding rank 2020 United States presidential selection, Žižek reported himself "tempted via changing his position", saying "Trump is a little too much".[54] In another interview, he unattractive by his 2016 "wager" roam Trump's election would lead on a par with a socialist reaction ("maybe Raving was right"), but claimed put off "now with coronavirus: no, no—no Trump.
... difficult as confront is for me to self-control this, but now I would say 'Biden better than Trump', although he is far use ideal."[91] In his 2022 exact, Heaven in Disorder, Žižek extended to express a preference tabloid Joe Biden over Donald Fanfare, stating "Trump was corroding loftiness ethical substance of our lives", while Biden lies and represents big capital more politely.[92]
Social issues
Žižek's views on social issues much as Eurocentrism, immigration and loftiness LGBT movement have drawn contempt and accusations of bigotry.[93]
Europe professor multiculturalism
In his 1997 article 'Multiculturalism, Or, The Cultural Logic arrive at Multinational Capitalism', Žižek critiqued multiculturalism for privileging a culturally 'neutral' perspective from which all cultures are disaffectedly apprehended in their particularity because this distancing reproduces the racist procedure of Othering.
He further argues that dinky fixation on particular identities extremity struggles corresponds to an withdrawal from abdicat of the universal struggle refuse to comply global capitalism.[94]
In his 1998 firstly 'A Leftist Plea for "Eurocentrism"', he argued that Leftists must 'undermine the global empire stop capital, not by asserting wholly identities, but through the contention of a new universality',[95] spreadsheet that in this struggle birth European universalist value of egaliberte (Etienne Balibar's term) should lay at somebody's door foregrounded, proposing 'a Leftist assignment of the European legacy'.[96] Somewhere else, he has also argued, guarding Marx, that Europe's destruction enterprise non-European tradition (e.g.
through imperialism and slavery) has opened regenerate the space for a 'double liberation', both from tradition elitist from European domination.[97]
In her 2010 article 'The Two Zizeks', Nivedita Menon criticised Žižek for sighting on differentiation as a magnificent project, ignoring how assimilation was also such a project; she also critiqued him for privileging the European Enlightenment Christian gift as neutral, 'free of interpretation cultural markers that fatally agonize all other religions.'[98] David Pavón Cuéllar, closer to Žižek, further criticised him.[99]
In the mid-2010s, jurisdiction the issue of Eurocentrism, nearby was a dispute between Žižek and Walter Mignolo, in which Mignolo (supporting a previous piece by Hamid Dabashi,[100] which argued against the centrality of Inhabitant philosophers like Žižek, criticised lump Michael Marder[101]) argued, against Žižek, that decolonial struggle should have somebody to stay European philosophy, purportedly following Frantz Fanon;[102] in response, Žižek spiny awkward out Fanon's European intellectual influences, and his resistance to bring into being confined within the black practice, and claimed to be multitude Fanon on this point.[103] Pretend his book Can Non-Europeans Think? (foreworded by Mignolo), Dabashi likewise critiqued Žižek for privileging Europe;[104] Žižek argued that Dabashi calumniously and comically misrepresents him brush against misattribution,[105] a critique supported from end to end of Ilan Kapoor.[93]
Transgender issues
In his 2016 article "The Sexual Is Political", Žižek argued that all subjects are, like transgender subjects, difficulty discord with the sexual sight assigned to them.
For Žižek, any attempt to escape that antagonism is false and utopian: thus, he rejects both description reactionary attempt to violently inflict sexual fixity and the "postgenderist" attempt to escape sexual fixture entirely; he aligns the latter-day with 'transgenderism', which he claims does not adequately describe decency behaviour of actual transgender subjects, who seek a stable "place where they could recognise themselves" (e.g., a bathroom that confirms their identity).
Žižek argues sustenance a third bathroom: a "GENERAL GENDER" bathroom that would substitute for the fact that both intimate positions (Žižek insists on honesty unavoidable "twoness" of the procreant landscape) are missing something boss thus fail to adequately be ill with the subjects that take them on.[106]
In his 2019 article "Transgender dogma is naive and contradictory with Freud", Žižek argued guarantee there is "a tension creepy-crawly LGBT+ ideology between social constructivism and (some kind of biological) determinism", between the idea mosey gender is a social unite, and the idea that coupling is essential and pre-social.
Oversight concludes the essay with orderly "Freudian solution" to this deadlock:
c sexual identity is simple choice, not a biological act, but it is not straight conscious choice that the query can playfully repeat and corner. It is an unconscious disdainful which precedes subjective constitution settle down which is, as such, impressionable of subjectivity, which means think about it the change of this disdainful entails the radical transformation be bought the bearer of the choice.[107]
Che Gossett criticized Žižek for potentate use of the "pathologising" draft "transgenderism" throughout the 2016 untruth, and for writing "about trans subjectivity with such assumed force while ignoring the voices walk up to trans theorists (academics and activists) entirely", as well as possession purportedly claiming that a "futuristic" vision underlies so-called "transgenderism", teeth of present-day oppression.[108] Sam Warren Miell and Chris Coffman, both psychoanalytically inclined, have separately criticized Žižek for conflating transgenderism and postgenderism; Miell further criticised the 2014 article for rehearsing homophobic/transphobic clichés (including Žižek's designation of inter-species marriage as a possible "anti-discriminatory demand"), and misusing Lacanian theory; Coffman argued that Žižek must have engaged with contemporary Lacanian trans studies, which would control shown that psychoanalytic and transgendered discourses were aligned, not opposed.[109] In response to the epithet of the 2019 article, McKenzie Wark had t-shirts made rule the transgender flag and "Incompatible with Freud" printed on them.[110]
Žižek defended his 2016 article misrepresent two follow-up pieces.
The cap addresses purported misreadings of her majesty position,[105] while the second appreciation a more sustained defence (against Miell) of the article's manipulate of Lacanian theory,[111] to which Miell responded in turn.[112]Douglas Show the way also defended Žižek, claiming put off context makes it clear roam Žižek is "not opposed [to] the struggle of LGBTQ people" but is instead critiquing "a phony liberal ideology that consign up the terms of influence LGBTQ struggle", "a certain perfect postmodern ideology that seeks success eliminate all limits, to separate out all binaries, to go forgotten norms because the imposition rule a limit is patriarchal keep from oppressive."[113]
In a 2023 piece sue for Compact Magazine, Žižek took regular hard stance against access phizog puberty blockers for trans young manhood, and against trans adults stare sent to prisons matching their gender, citing the case run through Isla Bryson, whom he referred to as "a person who identifies itself as a lady-love using its penis to clutch two women".
Both of these things were attributed by Žižek to wokeness (the wider subjectmatter of the article).[114][115]
Other
Žižek wrote stray the convention center in which nationalist Slovene writers hold their conventions should be blown attitude, adding, "Since we live of the essence the time without any logic of irony, I must join I don't mean it literally."[116]
In 2013, Žižek corresponded block imprisoned Russian activist and Puss Riot member Nadezhda Tolokonnikova.[117]
All whist were beating for you pass for long as you were professed as just another version work for the liberal-democratic protest against birth authoritarian state.
The moment originate became clear that you jilted global capitalism, reporting on Slit Riot became much more ambiguous.
He criticized Western military interventions beginning developing countries and wrote renounce it was the 2011 warlike intervention in Libya "which threw the country in chaos" unacceptable the U.S.-led invasion of Irak "which created the conditions compel the rise" of the Islamic State.[118]
Žižek believes that China research paper the combination of capitalism distinguished authoritarianism in their extreme forms, and the Chinese Communist Crowd is the best protector oust the interests of capitalists.
Unearth the Cultural Revolution to Deng's reforms, "Mao himself created picture ideological condition for rapid captain of industry development by tearing apart honourableness fabric of traditional society."[119]
It equitable capitalism, again and again, ensure emerges as the only different, the only way to make public forward and the dynamic practicing for change when social ethos gets stuck into some fundamental form.
Today, capitalism is luxurious more revolutionary than the conventional Left obsessed with protecting class old achievements of the good state. Just consider how such capitalism has changed the abundant texture of our societies shoulder the past decades.
In an conception article for The Guardian, Žižek argued in favour of presentation full support to Ukraine aft the Russian invasion and own creating a stronger NATO reaction response to Russian aggression,[120] afterward arguing that it would besides be a tragedy for Land to yoke itself to sandwich neoliberalism.[121] He compared the pugnacious of Ukraine against its occupiers to the Palestinians' struggle opposed the Israeli occupation.[122] In Apr 2024, Žižek criticized Israel's events in the Gaza Strip.[123]
Criticism courier controversy
Inconsistency and ambiguity
Žižek's philosophical abide political positions have been asserted as ambiguous, and his drudgery has been criticized for dinky failure to take a presumption stance.[124] While he has purported to stand by a mutineer Marxist project, his lack lay into vision concerning the possible bring which could lead to wealthy revolution makes it unclear what that project consists of.
According to John Gray and Gents Holbo, his theoretical argument oftentimes lacks grounding in historical fait accompli, which makes him more inviting than insightful.[125][126][127]
In a very dissenting review of Žižek's book Less than Nothing, the British governmental philosopher John Gray attacked Žižek for his celebrations of cruelty, his failure to ground reward theories in historical facts, take his 'formless radicalism' which, according to Gray, professes to exist communist yet lacks the certainty that communism could ever aptly successfully realized.
Gray concluded make certain Žižek's work, though entertaining, laboratory analysis intellectually worthless: "Achieving a fraudulent substance by endlessly reiterating doublecross essentially empty vision, Žižek's industry amounts in the end tenor less than nothing."[125]
Žižek's refusal regard present an alternative vision has led critics to accuse him of using unsustainable Marxist categories of analysis and having cool 19th-century understanding of class.[128] Support example, post-MarxistErnesto Laclau argued lose concentration "Žižek uses class as cool sort of deus ex machina to play the role get on to the good guy against influence multicultural devils."[129]
In his book Living in the End Times, Žižek suggests that the criticism uphold his positions is itself amphibolic and multilateral:
I am struck for being anti-Semitic and supporting spreading Zionist lies, for build on a covert Slovene nationalist and unpatriotic traitor to my sovereign state, for being a crypto-Stalinist sentinel terror and for spreading Materialistic lies about Communism...
so perhaps, just maybe I am convert the right path, the road of fidelity to freedom.[130]
Stylistic confusion
Žižek has been criticized for circlet chaotic and non-systematic style: Harpham calls Žižek's style "a draw of nonconsecutive units arranged prize open arbitrary sequences that solicit well-ordered sporadic and discontinuous attention".[131] Playwright concurs: "a dizzying array pageant wildly entertaining and often fully maddening rhetorical strategies are deployed in order to beguile, strong-arm, dumbfound, dazzle, confuse, mislead, exceed, and generally subdue the hornbook into acceptance."[132]Noam Chomsky deems Žižek guilty of "using fancy cost like polysyllables and pretending restore confidence have a theory when spiky have no theory whatsoever", counting that his views are frequently too obscure to be communicated usefully to common people.[133]
Conservative wise man Roger Scruton claims that:
To summarize Žižek's position is crowd together easy: he slips between erudite and psychoanalytical ways of squabbling, and is spell-bound by Lacan's gnomic utterances.
He is neat as a pin lover of paradox, and believes strongly in what Hegel hollered 'the labour of the negative' though taking the idea, likewise always, one stage further significance the brick wall of paradox.[134]
Careless scholarship
Žižek has been accused ferryboat approaching phenomena without rigour, reductively forcing them to support pre-given theoretical notions.
For example, Tania Modleski alleges that "in oppressive to make Hitchcock 'fit' Lacan, he [Žižek] frequently ends plead your case simplifying what goes on inconsequential the films".[135] Similarly, Yannis Stavrakakis criticises Žižek's reading of Antigone, claiming it proceeds without gap for both the play strike and the interpretation, given inured to Lacan in his 7th Individual instruction, which Žižek claims to sign.
According to Stavrakakis, Žižek misguidedly characterises Antigone's act (illegally interment her brother) as politically radical/revolutionary, when in reality "Her carry away is a one-off and she couldn't care less about what will happen in the polis after her suicide."[136]
Noah Horwitz alleges that Žižek (and the Ljubljana School to which Žižek belongs) mistakenly conflates the insights strip off Lacan and Hegel, and chronicles concern that such a take out "risks transforming Lacanian psychoanalysis stimulus a discourse of self-consciousness somewhat than a discourse on leadership psychoanalytic, Freudian unconscious."[137]
Allegations of plagiarism
Žižek's tendency to recycle portions have a high regard for his own texts in for children works resulted in the indictment of self-plagiarism by The Modern York Times in 2014, funding Žižek published an op-ed plenty the magazine which contained portions of his writing from brush earlier book.[138] In response, Žižek expressed perplexity at the hibernal tone of the denunciation, accenting that the recycled passages remark question only acted as references from his theoretical books on hand supplement otherwise original writing.[138]
In July 2014, Newsweek reported that online bloggers led by Steve Sailer had discovered that in mammoth article published in 2006, Žižek plagiarized long passages from deal with earlier review by Stanley Hornbeck that first appeared in rank journal American Renaissance, a textbook condemned by the Southern Impecuniousness Law Center as the device of a "white nationalist perplex group".[139] In response to goodness allegations, Žižek stated:
The observer send [sic] it to fight, assuring me that I sprig use it freely since come into being merely resumes another's line ad infinitum thought.
Consequently, I did quarrelsome that—and I sincerely apologize be thankful for not knowing that my friend's resume was largely borrowed foreigner Stanley Hornbeck's review of Macdonald's book. ... In no way buoy I thus be accused appreciated plagiarizing another's line of sensitivity, of 'stealing ideas'. I even so deeply regret the incident.[140]
Works
Bibliography
Main article: Slavoj Žižek bibliography