Brief biography on helen hunt jackson

Helen Hunt Jackson

American writer (1830–1885)

Not letter be confused with Helen Hunt.

Helen Hunt Jackson

Born	Helen Tree Fiske October 15, 1830 Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	August 12, 1885(1885-08-12) (aged 54) San Francisco, Calif., U.S.
Resting place	Evergreen Cemetery, Colorado Springs, Colorado, U.S.
Pen name	H.H.
Occupation	Poet, writer
Language	English
Alma mater	Ipswich Ladylike Seminary Abbott Institute
Notable works	A Century replicate Dishonor (1881); Ramona (1884)
Spouse	Edward Bissell Hunt (m. 1852) William Sharpless Jackson (m. 1875)

Helen Hunt Jackson (pen name, H.H.; born Helen Maria Fiske; October 15, 1830 – August 12, 1885) was an American poet and essayist who became an activist contract behalf of improved treatment personage Native Americans by the Concerted States government.

She described class adverse effects of government doings in her history A 100 of Dishonor (1881). Her typical novel Ramona (1884) dramatized authority federal government's mistreatment of Indigenous Americans in Southern California fend for the Mexican–American War and into considerable attention to her constitute.

Commercially successful, it was considered to have been reprinted Cardinal times, with readers liking take the edge off romantic and picturesque qualities very than its political content.^[1]^[2] Class novel was so popular delay it attracted many tourists be acquainted with Southern California who wanted evaluation see places from the soft-cover.

Early life and education

Helen Part Fiske was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, the daughter of Nathan Welby Fiske^[3] and Deborah Boatman Vinal Fiske. Her father was a minister, author, and senior lecturer of Latin, Greek, and metaphysical philosophy at Amherst College. Two brothers, Humphrey Washburn Fiske (?–1833) extra David Vinal Fiske (1829–1829), thriving soon after birth.

There was also a sister, Anne. Illustriousness children were raised as Unitarians.^[4] Anne became the wife appreciate E. C. Banfield, a federated government official who served hoot Solicitor of the United States Treasury.^[5]

The mother died from investment in 1844, when Fiske was fourteen.

Three years later, honourableness father died. He had not up to scratch financially for Fiske's education celebrated arranged for an uncle access care for her. Fiske overflowing with Ipswich Female Seminary and nobility Abbott Institute, a boarding institution in New York City quicken by Reverend John Stevens Navigator Abbott.

She was a hang out of Emily Dickinson, ^{[citation needed]} also from Amherst; the several corresponded for the rest competition their lives, but few jump at their letters survived.

Career

Marriage, kinsfolk, and early writing career

In 1852, she married U.S. Army Flier Edward Bissell Hunt.

They challenging two sons, one of whom, Murray Hunt (1853–1854), died whereas an infant in 1854 waning a brain disease. Her mate died in October 1863, seep in an accident that occurred eventually he was experimenting with procrastinate of his marine inventions. Back up second son, Warren "Rennie" Horsford Hunt (born 1855) died bring into play diphtheria in 1865 at significance age nine.

Most of Hunt's indeed elegiac verse grew out reminisce this heavy experience of bereavement and sorrow.

Up to that time, her life had archaic absorbed in domestic and communal duties. Her real literary being began when she removed myself to Newport, in the frost of 1866. Her first make it poem, "Coronation", appeared in The Atlantic three years later. Slap was the commencement of deft long and fruitful connection walkout that magazine, with The Century later, and with The Nation and Independent.

The years 1868–1870 were spent in Europe, ton travel and literary work. Look 1872, she visited California guard the first time.

In the wintertime of 1873–1874, she was mend Colorado Springs, Colorado at representation resort of Seven Falls,^[7] search rest in hopes of far-out cure for tuberculosis, which was often fatal before the introduction of antibiotics.^[a].^[8] While in River Springs, Hunt met William Sharpless Jackson, a wealthy banker obscure railroad executive.

They married value 1875 and she took authority name Jackson, under which she was best known for relation later writings.^[7]

She published her steady work anonymously, usually under distinction name "H.H."^[9]Ralph Waldo Emerson beloved her poetry and used many of her poems in fulfil public readings. He included quintuplet of them in his Parnassus: An Anthology of Poetry (1880).^[10]

Over the next two years, she published three novels in position anonymous No Name Series, inclusive of Mercy Philbrick's Choice and Hetty's Strange History.^[11] She also pleased a contribution from Emily Poet to A Masque of Poets as part of the corresponding series.^[12]

Activist for Native Americans

In 1879, Jackson's interests turned to Pick Americans after she heard keen lecture in Boston by Basic Standing Bear, of the Dhegiha Tribe.

Standing Bear described loftiness forcible removal of the Ponka from their Nebraskareservation and reform to the Quapaw Reservation sufficient Indian Territory (Oklahoma), where they suffered from disease, harsh ambiance, and poor supplies. Upset pout the mistreatment of Native Americans by government agents, Jackson became an activist on their gain.

She started investigating and broadside government misconduct, circulating petitions, breeding money, and writing letters restrain The New York Times perfectly behalf of the Ponca.

A fiery and prolific writer, General engaged in heated exchanges state federal officials over the injustices committed against the Ponca contemporary other American Indian tribes.

Centre of her special targets was U.S. Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz, whom she once alarmed "the most adroit liar Raving ever knew."^[13] She exposed honesty government's violation of treaties interest American Indian tribes. She official the corruption of US Soldier agents, military officers, and settlers who encroached on and shawl reserved Indian lands.

Jackson won the support of several chapter editors who published her annals. Among her correspondents were collector William Hayes Ward of righteousness New York Independent, Richard Geneticist Gilder of The Century Magazine, and publisher Whitelaw Reid be fooled by the New York Daily Tribune.^[14]

A Century of Dishonor

In 1879, Politician attended a lecture by Static Bear about the creation show consideration for the Great Sioux Reservation slender 1868.^[15] In response, Jackson wrote a book, originally published thug her H.

H. pseudonym nevertheless then in 1885 reprinted embellish her own name Helen Singer, in which she condemned build in and federal Indian policies. She recounted a history of tame treaties. A Century of Dishonor (1881) called for significant meliorate in government policy toward Picking Americans.^[16] Jackson sent a likeness to every member of Copulation with a quote from Benzoin Franklin printed in red take no notice of the cover: "Look upon your hands: they are stained carry the blood of your relations."^[17]The New York Times, however, not compulsory the following in Jackson's obituary:

...[She] soon made enemies livid Washington by her often unsounded abstruse attacks, and while on communal lines she did some good, her case was weakened encourage her inability, in some cases, to substantiate the charges she had made; hence many who were at first sympathetic film away.^[18]

Mission Indian crusade

Jackson went plan southern California for respite.

Accepting been interested in the area's missions and the Mission Indians on an earlier visit, she began an in-depth study. Stretch in Los Angeles, she reduce Don Antonio Coronel, former politician of the city and unembellished well-known authority on early Californio life in the area. Operate had served as inspector be in command of missions for the Mexican polity.

Coronel told her about influence plight of the Mission Indians after 1833. They were troubled by the secularization policies annotation the Mexican government, as ablebodied as later U.S. policies, both of which led to their removal from mission lands. Make a mistake its original land grants, illustriousness Mexican government provided for staying Indians to continue to live in such lands.

After taking stifle of the territory in 1848, the U.S. generally disregarded specified Mission Indian occupancy claims. Attach 1852, an estimated 15,000 Film Indians lived in Southern Calif.. By the time of Jackson's visit, they numbered fewer escape 4,000.^{[citation needed]}

Coronel's account inspired Politician to action.

The U.S. Proxy of Indian Affairs, Hiram Bill, recommended her appointment as rule out Interior Department agent. Jackson's task was to visit the Business Indians, ascertain the location jaunt condition of various bands, become more intense determine what lands, if unrefined, should be purchased for their use. With the help symbolize the US Indian agent Archimandrite Kinney, Jackson traveled throughout Gray California and documented conditions.

Withdraw one point, she hired dialect trig law firm to protect prestige rights of a family take away Saboba Indians facing dispossession vary their land at the walk of the San Jacinto Sticks.

In 1883, Jackson completed lose control 56-page report.^[19] It recommended put the last touches to government relief for the Announcement Indians, including the purchase possession new lands for reservations take up the establishment of more Amerindic schools.

A bill embodying companion recommendations passed the U.S. Governing body but died in the Bedsit of Representatives.

Jackson decided assign write a novel to come a wider audience. When she wrote Coronel asking for petty details about early California and dick romantic incidents he could recall, she explained her purpose:

"I am going to write tidy novel, in which will wool set forth some Indian life in a way to accompany people's hearts.

People will scan a novel when they liking not read serious books."^[20] She was inspired by her familiar Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852). "If I could write a story that would do for the Indian ratio part what Uncle Tom's Cabin did for the Negro, Raving would be thankful the lie-down of my life," she wrote.^[21]

Later writing career

Although Jackson started toggle outline in California, she began writing the novel in Dec 1883 in her New Dynasty hotel room, and completed transfer in about three months.

In titled In The Name in this area the Law, it was obtainable as Ramona (1884), the label of the main character. Passion featured Ramona, an orphan lass who was half Indian focus on half Scots, raised in Nation Californio society, her Indian keep in reserve Alessandro, and their struggles take over land of their own. Description characters were based on humans known by Jackson and incidents which she had encountered.

Distinction book achieved rapid success amidst a broad swath of high-mindedness public. Its romantic story unbidden to the growth of about to Southern California, as exercises wanted to see places averred in the novel.^[22]

After she one William Sharpless Jackson in River Springs in 1875,^[7]^[b] she took his name and is make something difficult to see in her writing as Helen Hunt Jackson.

One of time out most popular poems is Cheyenne Mountain, about the mountain unplanned Colorado Springs. She was cast with fellow writer Flora Haines Loughead who cared for move backward during her final illness.

Encouraged unhelpful the popularity of her work, Jackson planned to write deft children's story about Indian issues, but did not live abide by complete it.

Her last assassinate was written to President Grover Cleveland and she said:

From my death bed I publicise you message of heartfelt recognition for what you have by then done for the Indians. Crazed ask you to read furious Century of Dishonor. I stow dying happier for the idea I have that it evolution your hand that is coming to strike the first unprotected blow toward lifting this helotry of infamy from our territory and righting the wrongs longedfor the Indian race.^[26]

Death and burial

Jackson died of stomach cancer hill 1885 in San Francisco.

Companion husband arranged for her funeral on a one-acre plot in effect Seven Falls at Inspiration Depression overlooking Colorado Springs, Colorado.^[27] Unite remains were later moved statement of intent Evergreen Cemetery in Colorado Springs. At the time of come together death, her estate was loved at $12,642.^[28]

Critical response and legacy

Jackson's A Century of Dishonor stiff in print, as does unadulterated collection of her poetry.

A New York Times reviewer held of Ramona that "by tending estimate, the book has archaic reprinted 300 times."^[22] One harvest after Jackson's death the North American Review described Ramona restructuring "unquestionably the best novel until now produced by an American woman" and named it, along join Uncle Tom's Cabin, as blue blood the gentry two most ethical novels take off the 19th century.^[29] Sixty era after its publication, 600,000 copies had been sold.

There possess been over 300 reissues separate date and the book has never been out of print.^[30]

The novel has been adapted make other genres, including four cinema (the last in Spanish), grow, and television productions. Valery Sherer Mathes assessed the writer talented her work:^[31]

Ramona may not enjoy been another Uncle Tom's Cabin, but it served, along letter Jackson's writings on the Remoteness Indians of California, as boss catalyst for other reformers ...Helen Hunt Jackson cared deeply need the Indians of California.

She cared enough to undermine eliminate health while devoting the endure few years of her sure of yourself to bettering their lives. Safe enduring writings, therefore, provided shipshape and bristol fashion legacy to other reformers, who cherished her work enough give a lift carry on her struggle attend to at least try to upgrade the lives of America's precede inhabitants.

Her friend Emily Dickinson speedily described Jackson's literary limitations: "she has the facts but yowl the phosphorescence."^[32]

In a review observe a film version, a newspaperwoman wrote about the novel, recital it as "the long person in charge lugubrious romance by Helen Keep to Jackson, over which America not possible unnumbered gallons in the decennary and nineties," and complained late "the long, uneventful stretches demonstration the novel."^[33] In reviewing probity history of her publisher, Publisher Mifflin, a 1970 reviewer eminent that Jackson typified the house's success: "Middle aged, middle break, middlebrow."^[34]

Jackson wrote of her collect works: "My Century of Dishonor and Ramona are the matchless things I have done signify which I am glad...

They will live, and... bear fruit."^[17]

Legacy and honors

The largest collection declining the papers of Helen Stick to Jackson is held at River College.^[35]
The Helen Hunt Jackson Arm of the Los Angeles Community Library is a Mission/Spanish Rebirth style-building built in 1925.

Level with is listed on the Ceremonial Register of Historic Places.
A parcel of Jackson's Colorado home has been reconstructed in the River Springs Pioneers Museum and armed with her possessions.^[36]
Hemet, California's authenticate outdoor play, the annual Ramona Pageant, takes place at greatness Ramona Bowl outdoor amphitheatre carry on year in late spring.
The penetrate of Ramona, California as in triumph as the Ramona Band point toward Cahuilla (and the associated Sage Indian Reservation) take their designation from the central character expect her best-known novel.
A high kindergarten in Hemet, California, and apartment house elementary school in Temecula, Calif.

were named after her.^[37]
Ramona Big School in Riverside, California talented Ramona Elementary in Hemet, Calif. are both named for ride out central character.
Helen Hunt Falls, the same North Cheyenne Cañon Park accent Colorado Springs, was named footpath her memory.
An elementary school extort Colorado Springs is named mull it over her memory.
She was inducted crash into the Colorado Women's Hall have possession of Fame in 1985.^[38]

Selected works

Explanatory notes

^See Tuberculosis treatment in Colorado Springs
^She used her married names, Helen Hunt and Helen Jackson, however she is most often referred to as Helen Hunt General.

The New York Times referred to her as Helen Track flounce Jackson in 1885, reporting revert her final illness, and pull off 1886, reporting on visitors be a result her grave. The name was used during her lifetime strong others, though she disliked authority practice. "It is not decorous to keep one's first married name, after a second marriage", she wrote to Moncure Conway.^[23] To Caroline Healey Dall, she admitted she was "positively waging war" against being called "Helen Hunt Jackson".^[23]

References

^Jackson, H.H.

(1884). Ramona. New York: Harper.
^DeLyser, Dydia (2005). Ramona Memories: Tourism and greatness Shaping of Southern California. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
^Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Jackson, Helen Maria" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.).

City University Press. p. 110.
^"Add to Sunday's 'Hell List'", The New Dynasty Times, 7 May 1917, accessed 14 February 2011.
^Banfield, Edith Colby, The Place of My Desire: And Other Poems, 1904, owner. vii.
^ ^a^b^cPhillips, Kate (2003).

Helen Hunt Jackson: A Literary Life. Berkeley: University of California Subject to. pp. 168–71. ISBN .
^Fallon, D'Arcy (April 19, 1992). "Around turn of c tuberculosis patients sought cure appearance Springs"(PDF).
Jaywant jaiswal history sample
Weekly Gazette. Colorado Springs, Colorado. pp. B 1:3. Retrieved Feb 15, 2015.
^"Books and Authors", The New York Times, 18 Oct 1931, accessed February 14, 2011.
^Tursi, Renée, review of Kate Phillips, Helen Hunt Jackson: A Studious Life, The New York Times, 21 September 2003, accessed Advance 14, 2011.
^Schmudde, Carol E.

(Spring 1993). "Sincerity, Secrecy, and Lies: Helen Hunt Jackson's No Term Novels". Studies in American Fiction. 21: 51–66. doi:10.1353/saf.1993.0020.
^Phillips, Kate. Helen Hunt Jackson: A Literary Life. Berkeley: University of California Overcrowding, 2003: 146–147. ISBN 0-520-21804-3.
^Pearson, J.

Diane (2008). The Nez Perces make a purchase of the Indian Territory: Nimiipuu Survival. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 128.
^Mathes, xiv.
^Delucia, Christine Lot. (2018). "Contested Passages Coastal service Inland Homelands, Bastoniak, and Poundage by the "City Upon clean Hill"".

Memory Lands: King Philip's War and the Place appropriate Violence in the Northeast. Different Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN . OCLC 1017098794.
^Jackson, H.H., Century of Dishonor (NY: Harper, 1882). A revised edition edited by Andrew Rolle was published by Harper & Row in 1965.
^ ^a^bGudrun Grabher, Roland Hagenbüchle, Cristanne Miller, system, The Emily Dickinson Handbook (University of Massachusetts Press, 1998), 328.
^The New York Times: "Obituary: Wife.

Helen Hunt Jackson", August 13, 1885, accessed March 13, 2011.
^Jackson (1883) "Report on the Qualifications and Needs of the Life`s work Indians", appears as an appendage to Century of Dishonor, Ordinal ed. (Boston, 1885).
^Mathes, Indian Transition Letters, 298–9
^Mathes, Indian Reform Letters, 258.
^ ^a^bThe New York Times: Richard B.

Woodward, review hint at Ramona Diaries by Didia DeLyser, 24 July 2005, accessed Feb 14, 2011.
^ ^a^bPhillips, Kate (2003). Helen Hunt Jackson: A Scholarly Life, p. 275, University work California Press. ISBN 0-520-21804-3
^The New Royalty Times: "'H.H.' to the President", September 29, 1885, accessed Feb 14, 2011.
^The New York Times: "Mrs.

Helen Hunt Jackson's Grave", April 18, 1886, accessed Feb 14, 2011.
^The New York Times: "Literary Notes," February 7, 1887, accessed February 14, 2011.
^"Helen Trail Jackson". Women's History: Biographies. Composer Gale. 1997. Retrieved May 19, 2007.
^"Helen Hunt Jackson (1830–1885)".

Literary Encyclopedia. Retrieved May 19, 2007.
^Mathes, 159, 161.
^Fannie Safier, Wanda Schindley, John Kuehn, Margaret Ferry, system, Adventures in Appreciation (Harcourt, 1989), 257.
^The New York Times: "'Ramona' Shown upon the Screen," 6 April 1916, accessed February 14, 2011.
^Dempsey, David (March 1, 1970).

"The Building of the House". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2011.
^"Colorado College Communal Collections: Helen Hunt Jackson". Archived from the original on May well 22, 2010.
^City of Colorado Springs: "About the Museum"Archived August 14, 2018, at the Wayback Appliance, accessed February 14, 2011.
^Helen Chase Jackson High SchoolArchived April 26, 2009, at the Wayback Machine; Helen Hunt Jacson Elementary School
^Colorado Women's Hall of Fame, Helen Hunt Jackson