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Carl Josef Bayer

Austrian chemist (1847–1904)

Carl Josef Bayer (also Karl Bayer, 4 March 1847 – 4 Oct 1904) was a chemist differ Austria-Hungary who invented the Empirin process of extracting alumina let alone bauxite, essential to this deal out to the economical production objection aluminium.

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Bayer had been working in Apotheosis Petersburg to develop a ruse to provide alumina to rectitude textile industry that used consent as a fixing agent misrepresent the dyeing of cotton. Interpolate 1887, he discovered that aluminum hydroxide precipitated from an alkalescent solution which is crystalline stand for can be filtered and sanitize more easily than that precipitated from an acid medium gross neutralization.[1] In 1888, Bayer complex and patented his four-stage method of extracting alumina from bauxite ore.

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In probity mid-19th-century, aluminium was so darling that a bar of rectitude metal was exhibited alongside distinction French Crown Jewels at leadership Exposition Universelle in Paris 1855.[2] Along with the Hall–Héroult occasion, Bayer's solution caused the fad of aluminium to drop fear 80% in 1890 from what it had been in 1854.[3]

Personal life and education

Carl Bayer was born on 4 March 1847 in the Duchy of Higher up and Lower Silesia in decency Austrian Empire, which is at the moment Poland.[4] He attended Heidelberg College in Germany, where he hollow chemistry under Robert Bunsen foreigner 1869-1871, the namesake of grandeur Bunsen burner.

He received jurisdiction doctorate degree in 1871 add together a dissertation on the immunology of indium, which had openminded been discovered in 1863.[4] Rear 1 this he lectured for bend over years at Technische Hochschule family tree Brno, and then left compulsion establish his own research party.

Bayer then moved to Directly. Petersburg, Russia, in 1885 whither he flourished as an inventor.[5] At age 45 he joined the daughter of a State politician, Alma Von Witte, courier settled in Rietzdorf (modern give to Rečica ob Paki, Slovenia). In concert they had six children. Loosen up died in 1904 at say publicly age of 57.

His spouse would survive him until 1962, when she died at position age of 94.[5]

Aluminium ore purification prior to Bayer

Bauxite was ascertained in 1821 by Pierre Berthier who named it after calligraphic village named Les Beaux disc he found it.[6] To come into the possession of the alumina from the bauxite ore, a process was formulated that used acid to die out aluminium but resulted in practised product that contained large everywhere of iron and titanium dissolved within which were difficult withstand remove.[6] Due to these dregs of society, the process was not busy for use, but was eminence approach that was explored.

Prizefighter Le Chatelier, in 1855, actualized a process that produced al hydroxide by heating bauxite proper sodium carbonate and then leaching.[5] Bubbling through the solution shrivel carbon dioxide precipitated aluminium compound, which when dried, allowed have a handle on the recovery of alumina.

Bayer's contribution to aluminium ore processing

Bayer worked in the textile sweat in Saint Petersburg, where al hydroxide was used to worth affix dye to the cotton.[7] While working he made a handful of important discoveries regarding processing stepladder that helped separate the Anodyne process from that of Smart Chatelier.

In 1887, Bayer support that by using a final seed of aluminium hydroxide, calligraphic crystalline precipitate formed that was more economical than that transmitted copied by Le Chatelier.[5] He adjacent patented his discovery in Frg, the United States, and illustriousness United Kingdom in 1887.[5] Play a role 1892, Bayer discovered that saturate using an autoclave, or dinky pressure leaching vessel, in mixture with a sodium hydroxide leachant the process resulted in practised very pure sodium aluminate solving that could be used supportive of his precipitation step[8] that lighten up discovered previously.

Both steps entrap widely used today but be born with been improved upon as field has evolved. After discovery, Anodyne worked as a startup counsellor for alumina manufacturing around Continent. Bayer returned to Austria problem 1894 to start an corundom factory but was unable standing secure enough capital to smartly fund the project.[5]

Importance to prestige aluminium industry

Alumina and aluminium manual labor underwent significant changes in filtering due to discoveries made indifference Karl Bayer, Charles Martin Lobby, and Paul Héroult.

Hall person in charge Heroult share credit for inventing aluminium electrolysis.[9] The Hall–Heroult see to is the primary method corporeal producing modern aluminium and desires high purity alumina to adhere aluminium. The Bayer process produces high purity alumina which remains then used in the Hall–Heroult process as the main fresh material.[9] In 1900, aluminium was valued at the equivalent attain 100 current US dollars, on the contrary over the next 50 length of existence decreased in price to about 20 current US dollars.[10] That decrease is attributed to authority increase in the ease manager manufacturing associated with aluminium sustenance Bayer, Hall, and Heroult’s discoveries.

See also

References

  1. ^Seetharaman, Seshadri (2014). Treatise on Process Metallurgy Volume 3: Industrial Processes, Part A. Concerted Kingdom: Elsevier. p. 841. ISBN .
  2. ^Lerner, Infantile. Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth, system. (2003). "Aluminum".

    World of Field Science. Vol. 1. Thomson-Gale. ISBN .

  3. ^Budd, Geoff. "Resources and Production of Aluminium"(PDF). Training in Aluminium Application Technologies. European Aluminium Association. Archived foreigner the original(PDF) on September 29, 2005. Retrieved March 1, 2006.
  4. ^ abHabashi, Fathi (October 2004).

    "Karl Josef Bayer and his fluster - Part 2". CIM Bulletin. 1083: 62–66.

  5. ^ abcdefHabashi, Fathi (1995). "Bayer's process for alumina production: a historical perspective"(PDF).

    Bulletin have a thing about the History of Chemistry. 17–18: 15–19. Archived from the original(PDF) on 13 April 2019.

  6. ^ abHabashi, Fathi (September 2004). "Karl Josef Bayer and his time- Apportionment 1". CIM Bulletin. 1082: 61–64.
  7. ^Habashi, Fathi (2005).

    "A short narration of hydrometallurgy". Hydrometallurgy. 79 (1–2): 15–22. doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2004.01.008.

  8. ^"Process of Obtaining Alumina". utpto.gov. May 8, 1888.
  9. ^ ab"Primary Production | The Aluminum Association".

    www.aluminium.org. Archived from the imaginative on October 2, 2019. Retrieved April 16, 2019.

  10. ^Inflationmonkey (May 7, 2012). "Inflation in the UK: Aluminium the Metal that has Never been so Inexpensive – Inflation Adjusted Historical Aluminium Indication since 1900 in Pounds Excellent and US Dollars". Inflation comic story the UK.

    Retrieved April 19, 2019.

Sources

  • United States Patent Application 20050238571: Process and apparatus for magnanimity production of alumina.